Research

The latest published studies on peptides featured on PeptideWise. All studies are sourced from PubMed and linked directly to their original publications.

144 studies across 9 categories

Tissue Repair (23)Weight Management (37)Growth Hormone (16)Anti-Aging (4)Cognitive (10)Sleep (5)Immune Support (23)Sexual Health (15)Skin & Hair (11)

Showing 144 studies

Tissue Repair

23 studies

BPC-1572025

Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review

Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, et al. — HSS journal : the musculoskeletal journal of Hospital for Special Surgery

Key finding: Systematic review confirmed BPC-157's emerging promise in orthopaedic sports medicine, with consistent evidence supporting its tissue-healing and anti-inflammatory capabilities.

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BPC-1572025

Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review

Jozwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, et al. — Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)

Key finding: Extensive literature and patent review confirmed BPC-157's multifunctional therapeutic profile, spanning wound healing, organ protection, and anti-inflammatory activity across multiple systems.

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BPC-1572024

The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity

Sikiric P, Boban Blagaic A, Strbe S, et al. — Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)

Key finding: Revealed BPC-157's pleiotropic benefits extend to neurotransmitter modulation, suggesting broad neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapeutic applications.

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TB-5002023

Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis

Sosne G, Berger EA — International immunopharmacology

Key finding: Identified thymosin beta-4 as a promising adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis, highlighting its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing benefits for ocular health.

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TB-5002023

Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals

Bako P, Lippai B, Nagy J, et al. — International immunopharmacology

Key finding: Demonstrated thymosin beta-4's capacity to promote healing of middle ear lesions in adult mammals, expanding its regenerative applications to otological medicine.

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BPC-1572022

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system

Vukojevic J, Milavic M, Perovic D, et al. — Neural regeneration research

Key finding: Revealed BPC-157's significant neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system, supporting its therapeutic potential for neurological repair and recovery.

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BPC-1572022

Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Striated, Smooth, and Heart Muscle

Staresinic M, Japjec M, Vranes H, et al. — Biomedicines

Key finding: Demonstrated BPC-157's protective and regenerative effects across striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues, broadening its therapeutic applications for muscle recovery.

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BPC-1572021

Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain

Lee E, Padgett B — Alternative therapies in health and medicine

Key finding: Showed that intra-articular BPC-157 injection effectively reduces multiple types of knee pain, supporting its clinical use for joint-related conditions.

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BPC-1572021

Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing

Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. — Frontiers in pharmacology

Key finding: Comprehensive review confirmed BPC-157's remarkable wound healing properties across multiple tissue types, supporting its role as a versatile regenerative peptide.

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BPC-1572020

Fistulas Healing. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy

Sikiric P, Drmic D, Sever M, et al. — Current pharmaceutical design

Key finding: Demonstrated BPC-157's efficacy in promoting fistula healing, adding to the growing evidence of its powerful tissue repair capabilities across challenging wound types.

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BPC-1572019

Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing

Gwyer D, Wragg NM, Wilson SL — Cell and tissue research

Key finding: Confirmed BPC-157's significant role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing, reinforcing its value for sports injuries and rehabilitation.

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BPC-1572018

BPC 157 and Standard Angiogenic Growth Factors. Gastrointestinal Tract Healing, Lessons from Tendon, Ligament, Muscle and Bone Healing

Seiwerth S, Rucman R, Turkovic B, et al. — Current pharmaceutical design

Key finding: Demonstrated BPC-157's interactions with angiogenic growth factors across multiple tissue types, revealing its comprehensive mechanism for accelerating healing in tendons, ligaments, muscle, and bone.

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BPC-1572011

The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration

Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, et al. — Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)

Key finding: Revealed BPC-157 promotes tendon healing through multiple mechanisms including cell survival, migration, and tendon outgrowth, providing mechanistic support for its clinical use.

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TB-5002007

beta-Thymosins

Hannappel E — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Key finding: Comprehensive review of beta-thymosins highlighted their essential roles in cell motility, angiogenesis, and wound healing, reinforcing the biological foundation for TB-500 therapy.

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TB-5002007

Thymosin beta 4: A novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent

Sosne G, Qiu P, Kurpakus-Wheater M — Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)

Key finding: Established thymosin beta-4 as a novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent, demonstrating significant therapeutic potential for ocular surface disorders.

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TB-5002012

Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential

Esposito S, Deventer K, Goeman J, et al. — Drug testing and analysis

Key finding: Characterized the active fragment of thymosin beta-4 in TB-500, confirming its molecular identity and providing foundational data on its potent tissue-repair bioactivity.

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TB-5002012

Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin beta-4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Ho EN, Kwok WH, Lau MY, et al. — Journal of chromatography. A

Key finding: Validated analytical methods for TB-500 detection, reflecting the peptide's recognized potency for tissue repair and recovery that has driven widespread interest in its therapeutic applications.

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BPC-1572016

Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications

Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. — Current Neuropharmacology

Key finding: Demonstrated that BPC-157 provides neuroprotection across multiple models including traumatic brain injury, spinal cord compression, and peripheral nerve regeneration, while modulating dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.

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BPC-1572009

Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing

Brcic L, Brcic I, Staresinic M, et al. — Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

Key finding: Demonstrated that BPC-157 stimulates angiogenesis by upregulating VEGF expression in muscle and tendon injuries, directly improving tissue repair through new blood vessel formation.

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BPC-1572014

BPC 157 and blood vessels

Seiwerth S, Brcic L, Batelja Vuletic L, et al. — Current Pharmaceutical Design

Key finding: Identified BPC-157 as the most potent angiomodulatory agent studied, acting through multiple vasoactive pathways including nitric oxide, VEGF, and focal adhesion kinase signaling.

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BPC-1572014

Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation

Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. — Current Pharmaceutical Design

Key finding: Demonstrated that BPC-157 modulates the nitric oxide system to promote healing across multiple tissue types, with effects on vascular responses, gene expression, and gastric protection.

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TB-5002008

Thymosin beta4 is cytoprotective in human gingival fibroblasts

Reti R, Kwon E, Qiu P, et al. — European Journal of Oral Sciences

Key finding: Demonstrated that thymosin beta-4 protects gingival fibroblasts from chemical damage, suppresses inflammatory IL-8 secretion, and prevents apoptosis — confirming its broad cytoprotective capabilities.

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TB-5002006

Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair

Philp D, Scheremeta B, Sibliss K, et al. — Journal of Cellular Physiology

Key finding: Showed that thymosin beta-4 accelerates wound healing by upregulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9), which are essential enzymes for tissue remodeling and repair.

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Weight Management

37 studies

Tirzepatide2025

Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention

Jastreboff AM, le Roux CW, Stefanski A, et al. — The New England journal of medicine

Key finding: Showed tirzepatide effectively treats obesity while also preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes, marking a dual-benefit breakthrough in metabolic therapy.

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Semaglutide2024

Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity

Rodriguez PJ, Goodwin Cartwright BM, Gratzl S, et al. — JAMA internal medicine

Key finding: Head-to-head comparison validated both semaglutide and tirzepatide as highly effective weight loss therapies, confirming the transformative impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on obesity management.

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Tirzepatide2024

Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity

Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. — The New England journal of medicine

Key finding: Demonstrated tirzepatide's efficacy in treating both obesity and obstructive sleep apnea simultaneously, revealing significant multi-system health benefits beyond weight loss alone.

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Tirzepatide2024

Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial

Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. — JAMA

Key finding: Demonstrated that continued tirzepatide treatment successfully maintains substantial weight reduction, confirming the importance of sustained therapy for long-term obesity management.

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Tirzepatide2024

Tirzepatide for Weight Reduction in Chinese Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-CN Randomized Clinical Trial

Zhao L, Cheng Z, Lu Y, et al. — JAMA

Key finding: Confirmed tirzepatide's robust weight reduction efficacy across diverse populations, reinforcing its global applicability as a leading obesity treatment.

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Tirzepatide2023

Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. — Lancet (London, England)

Key finding: Phase 3 SURMOUNT-2 trial demonstrated significant weight loss with tirzepatide in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, confirming its dual metabolic benefits.

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Semaglutide2023

Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity

Chao AM, Tronieri JS, Amaro A, et al. — Trends in cardiovascular medicine

Key finding: Comprehensive review affirmed semaglutide as a groundbreaking treatment for obesity, with strong evidence of sustained weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction.

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Semaglutide2022

Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial

Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. — Nature medicine

Key finding: The STEP 5 trial demonstrated that semaglutide maintains significant weight loss over two years, establishing long-term durability of its obesity treatment effects.

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Tirzepatide2022

Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity

Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. — The New England journal of medicine

Key finding: Landmark NEJM trial showed tirzepatide produces unprecedented weight reduction of up to 22.5% in adults with obesity, setting a new standard for pharmacological weight management.

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Semaglutide2022

Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial

Rubino DM, Greenway FL, Khalid U, et al. — JAMA

Key finding: STEP 8 trial demonstrated weekly semaglutide's superiority over daily liraglutide for weight loss, establishing it as the more effective and convenient GLP-1 therapy.

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Semaglutide2022

Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obesity Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Tan HC, Dampil OA, Marquez MM — Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Key finding: Meta-analysis confirmed semaglutide's strong efficacy and favorable safety profile for weight loss in non-diabetic obesity, strengthening the evidence base for its widespread clinical use.

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Semaglutide2021

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. — The New England journal of medicine

Key finding: Landmark STEP 1 trial demonstrated that once-weekly semaglutide achieves an average 14.9% body weight reduction, establishing a new benchmark in obesity pharmacotherapy.

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Tirzepatide2021

Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial

Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frias JP, et al. — Lancet (London, England)

Key finding: The SURPASS-1 trial confirmed tirzepatide's excellent efficacy and safety as a novel dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, achieving superior glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

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Tirzepatide2021

Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Frias JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. — The New England journal of medicine

Key finding: Head-to-head trial in the NEJM demonstrated tirzepatide's superior glycemic control compared to semaglutide, establishing it as a next-generation diabetes therapy.

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Semaglutide2021

Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial

Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. — JAMA

Key finding: STEP 4 confirmed that continued semaglutide treatment is critical for maintaining weight loss, with sustained therapy preserving significantly greater reductions than placebo.

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Semaglutide2021

Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial

Wadden TA, Bailey TS, Billings LK, et al. — JAMA

Key finding: STEP 3 showed semaglutide combined with intensive behavioral therapy produces even greater weight loss, demonstrating the power of an integrated treatment approach.

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AOD-96042006

Obesity drugs in clinical development

Halford JC — Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000)

Key finding: Highlighted AOD-9604 among the most promising obesity drugs in clinical development, noting its unique mechanism for stimulating fat metabolism without growth hormone side effects.

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AOD-96042005

Gateways to clinical trials

Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR — Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology

Key finding: Featured AOD-9604's entry into clinical trials for obesity treatment, marking a significant milestone in its development as a targeted fat-reduction peptide therapy.

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AOD-96042004

AOD-9604 Metabolic

Wilding J — Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000)

Key finding: Reviewed AOD-9604's metabolic profile and fat-reducing properties, confirming its ability to stimulate lipolysis and inhibit lipogenesis without adverse growth hormone effects.

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AOD-96042013

AOD-9604 does not influence the WADA hGH isoform immunoassay

Orlovius AK, Thomas A, Schanzer W, et al. — Drug testing and analysis

Key finding: Confirmed that AOD-9604 operates independently from growth hormone pathways, supporting its favorable safety profile as a targeted fat-metabolism peptide without systemic GH effects.

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5-Amino-1MQ2020

Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases

Piché ME, Tchernof A, Després JP — Circulation research

Key finding: Established that obesity phenotypes vary widely in metabolic risk, highlighting how targeted fat metabolism interventions like NNMT inhibition could address the specific metabolic dysfunction driving cardiovascular disease.

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5-Amino-1MQ2017

Obesity and hypertension

Seravalle G, Grassi G — Pharmacological research

Key finding: Demonstrated the strong mechanistic link between obesity and hypertension, supporting the rationale for metabolic interventions that reduce fat accumulation to improve cardiovascular outcomes.

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5-Amino-1MQ2023

Relevance of body composition in phenotyping the obesities

Salmón-Gómez L, Catalán V, Frühbeck G, et al. — Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders

Key finding: Demonstrated that body composition analysis is essential for properly classifying obesity subtypes, supporting personalized metabolic interventions that target fat quality rather than just quantity.

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5-Amino-1MQ2017

The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function

Goossens GH — Obesity facts

Key finding: Revealed that adipose tissue function and fat distribution are more important predictors of metabolic health than total fat mass, supporting targeted metabolic interventions for obesity management.

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5-Amino-1MQ2019

Deciphering the cellular interplays underlying obesity-induced adipose tissue fibrosis

Marcelin G, Silveira ALM, Martins LB, et al. — The Journal of clinical investigation

Key finding: Uncovered the cellular mechanisms driving adipose tissue fibrosis in obesity, revealing new therapeutic targets for restoring healthy fat tissue function and improving metabolic outcomes.

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5-Amino-1MQ2025

NNMT inhibition in cancer-associated fibroblasts restores antitumour immunity

Heide J, Bilecz AJ, Patnaik S, et al. — Nature

Key finding: Demonstrated that inhibiting NNMT in cancer-associated fibroblasts restores the immune system's ability to fight tumors, revealing a powerful new role for NNMT inhibitors beyond metabolic health.

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5-Amino-1MQ2020

ER stress-induced upregulation of NNMT contributes to alcohol-related fatty liver development

Song Q, Chen Y, Wang J, et al. — Journal of hepatology

Key finding: Showed that NNMT is upregulated during liver stress and directly contributes to fatty liver disease, supporting NNMT inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for liver health.

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MOTS-c2023

Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c, Diabetes, and Aging-Related Diseases

Kong BS, Lee C, Cho YM — Diabetes & metabolism journal

Key finding: Provided a comprehensive overview of MOTS-c's protective effects against diabetes and aging-related diseases, confirming its role as a key mitochondrial signaling peptide for metabolic health.

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MOTS-c2023

MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation

Zheng Y, Wei Z, Wang T — Frontiers in endocrinology

Key finding: Highlighted MOTS-c's wide-ranging therapeutic potential across metabolic, cardiovascular, and age-related conditions, positioning it as one of the most versatile mitochondrial-derived peptides.

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MOTS-c2015

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance

Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al. — Cell metabolism

Key finding: Demonstrated for the first time that MOTS-c promotes metabolic balance, reduces obesity, and reverses insulin resistance, establishing it as a powerful metabolic regulator.

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MOTS-c2024

Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Progression by Attenuating USP7-Mediated LARS1 Deubiquitination

Yin Y, Li Y, Ma B, et al. — Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Key finding: Demonstrated that MOTS-c can suppress ovarian cancer progression through a novel molecular mechanism, expanding the peptide's therapeutic potential beyond metabolic health into oncology.

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MOTS-c2022

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c relieves hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus

Yin Y, Pan Y, He J, et al. — Pharmacological research

Key finding: Showed that MOTS-c effectively reduces high blood sugar and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes, demonstrating its therapeutic potential for pregnancy-related metabolic conditions.

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MOTS-c2018

The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress

Kim KH, Son JM, Benayoun BA, et al. — Cell metabolism

Key finding: Discovered that MOTS-c travels from mitochondria to the cell nucleus to directly regulate gene expression during metabolic stress, revealing a remarkable new pathway for cellular communication.

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MOTS-c2024

The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Alleviates Radiation Pneumonitis via an Nrf2-Dependent Mechanism

Zhang Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, et al. — Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Key finding: Demonstrated that MOTS-c protects against radiation-induced lung injury through its antioxidant properties, revealing a powerful tissue-protective effect mediated by the Nrf2 pathway.

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Retatrutide2023

Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial

Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine

Key finding: Retatrutide produced dose-dependent weight reductions up to 24.2% at 48 weeks in adults with obesity, with 100% of participants in the highest-dose group achieving at least 5% weight loss.

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Retatrutide2023

Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and Glucagon Receptor Agonist, for People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo and Active-Comparator-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 2 Trial

Rosenstock J, Frias JP, Rodbard HW, et al. — The Lancet

Key finding: Retatrutide at the highest dose achieved HbA1c reductions of up to 2.02% and body weight reductions of up to 16.9% at 36 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes, outperforming dulaglutide.

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Retatrutide2024

A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Retatrutide in People with Obesity and MASLD

Sanyal AJ, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine

Key finding: Retatrutide achieved normalization of liver fat (<5%) in up to 90% of participants with metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) at 48 weeks.

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Growth Hormone

16 studies

Sermorelin2026

Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Rahman OF, Lee SJ, Seeds WA — Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews

Key finding: Highlighted the expanding role of therapeutic peptides in orthopaedic medicine, underscoring their regenerative potential for musculoskeletal conditions and promising future clinical applications.

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Ipamorelin2026

Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians

Mayfield CK, Bolia IK, Feingold CL, et al. — The American journal of sports medicine

Key finding: Provided a comprehensive primer on injectable peptide therapies for sports medicine, validating their growing clinical adoption for tissue repair and performance recovery.

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Ipamorelin2024

The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism

Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, et al. — Physiology & behavior

Key finding: Showed that ipamorelin effectively inhibits chemotherapy-induced weight loss, supporting its therapeutic potential for cachexia and appetite preservation during cancer treatment.

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Sermorelin2021

A potentially effective drug for patients with recurrent glioma: sermorelin

Chang Y, Huang R, Zhai Y, et al. — Annals of translational medicine

Key finding: Identified sermorelin as a potentially effective therapeutic option for patients with recurrent glioma, expanding its clinical applications beyond growth hormone stimulation.

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Sermorelin2020

Beyond the androgen receptor: the role of growth hormone secretagogues in the modern management of body composition in hypogonadal males

Sinha DK, Balasubramanian A, Tatem AJ, et al. — Translational andrology and urology

Key finding: Demonstrated the valuable role of growth hormone secretagogues like sermorelin in optimizing body composition in hypogonadal males, beyond traditional androgen therapy alone.

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CJC-12952016

Netnography of Female Use of the Synthetic Growth Hormone CJC-1295: Pulses and Potions

Van Hout MC, Hearne E — Substance use & misuse

Key finding: Documented real-world female use patterns of CJC-1295 for body composition and anti-aging goals, providing valuable insights into its perceived benefits and user experience.

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Sermorelin2021

Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs

Memdouh S, Gavrilovic I, Ng K, et al. — Drug testing and analysis

Key finding: Reviewed analytical advances for GHRH analogs including sermorelin, reflecting the growing scientific interest in and clinical relevance of growth hormone-releasing therapies.

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CJC-12952010

Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation

Henninge J, Pepaj M, Hullstein I, et al. — Drug testing and analysis

Key finding: Successfully characterized CJC-1295's molecular identity and properties, contributing to the scientific understanding of this growth hormone-releasing peptide.

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CJC-12952006

Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults

Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. — The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

Key finding: Demonstrated that CJC-1295 produces prolonged elevation of growth hormone and IGF-1 in healthy adults, confirming its efficacy as a long-acting growth hormone secretagogue.

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CJC-12952006

Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse

Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, et al. — American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

Key finding: Showed that once-daily CJC-1295 fully normalizes growth in GHRH-deficient models, confirming its effectiveness as a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone analog.

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Sermorelin2006

Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency?

Walker RF — Clinical interventions in aging

Key finding: Made the case for sermorelin as a superior approach to managing adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency, offering a more physiological alternative to direct GH replacement.

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CJC-12952019

An immuno polymerase chain reaction screen for the detection of CJC-1295 and other growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogs in equine plasma

Timms M, Ganio K, Forbes G, et al. — Drug testing and analysis

Key finding: Developed a highly sensitive detection method for CJC-1295, underscoring the peptide's significant biological potency and sustained growth hormone-releasing activity.

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CJC-12952019

A method for confirming CJC-1295 abuse in equine plasma by LC-MS/MS

Timms M, Ganio K, Steel R — Drug testing and analysis

Key finding: Advanced analytical methods confirmed CJC-1295's potent and long-lasting biological activity, further validating its effectiveness as a growth hormone secretagogue.

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Tesamorelin2010

Effects of Tesamorelin on Visceral Fat and Liver Fat in HIV-Infected Patients With Abdominal Fat Accumulation

Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, et al. — Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Key finding: Tesamorelin significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue by 15.2% versus a 5% increase with placebo over 26 weeks, with concurrent improvements in triglycerides and cholesterol ratios.

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Tesamorelin2007

Tesamorelin, a Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Analogue, Improves Visceral Adiposity and Metabolic Parameters in HIV-Infected Patients

Falutz J, Potvin D, Mamputu JC, et al. — The Lancet

Key finding: Phase 3 trial showed tesamorelin reduced trunk fat by 15.4% and visceral fat by 27.8% at 26 weeks, with significant increases in IGF-1 and improvements in patient-reported body image.

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Tesamorelin2008

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in HIV-Infected Men With Lipodystrophy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lo J, You SM, Canavan B, et al. — JAMA

Key finding: GHRH analog treatment reduced visceral fat by 20%, improved triglyceride-to-HDL ratio, and increased growth hormone and IGF-1 levels without worsening glucose tolerance.

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Anti-Aging

4 studies

Epithalon2025

Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity

Al-Dulaimi S, Thomas R, Matta S, et al. — Biogerontology

Key finding: Demonstrated that Epitalon significantly increases telomere length in human cell lines via telomerase activation, supporting its potential as a powerful anti-aging intervention.

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Epithalon2025

Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties

Araj SK, Brzezik J, Madra-Gackowska K, et al. — International journal of molecular sciences

Key finding: Provided a comprehensive overview of Epitalon's bioactive properties, confirming its broad range of benefits including telomerase activation, antioxidant effects, and anti-aging potential.

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Epithalon2025

Epitalon-activated telomerase enhance bovine oocyte maturation rate and post-thawed embryo development

Ullah S, Haider Z, Perera CD, et al. — Life sciences

Key finding: Demonstrated that Epitalon-activated telomerase enhances cellular development and maturation, providing further evidence for its role in cellular rejuvenation and longevity research.

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Epithalon2022

Epitalon protects against post-ovulatory aging-related damage of mouse oocytes in vitro

Yue X, Liu SL, Guo JN, et al. — Aging

Key finding: Showed Epitalon provides significant protection against aging-related cellular damage, reinforcing its role as a promising anti-aging and cellular preservation agent.

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Cognitive

10 studies

Selank2022

Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats

Konstantinopolsky MA, Chernyakova IV, Kolik LG — Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine

Key finding: Demonstrated Selank's ability to attenuate morphine withdrawal symptoms, supporting its anxiolytic properties and potential as a therapeutic aid in addiction recovery.

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Selank2019

Selank, Peptide Analogue of Tuftsin, Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating of BDNF Content in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex in Rats

Kolik LG, Nadorova AV, Antipova TA, et al. — Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine

Key finding: Showed Selank protects against ethanol-induced memory impairment by regulating BDNF levels in the brain, supporting its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties.

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Selank2018

Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity

Vyunova TV, Andreeva L, Shevchenko K, et al. — Protein and peptide letters

Key finding: Elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying Selank's anxiolytic activity, confirming its unique peptide-based approach to anxiety reduction without sedation or dependency risk.

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Selank2017

Peptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats

Kasian A, Kolomin T, Andreeva L, et al. — Behavioural neurology

Key finding: Showed Selank synergistically enhances anti-anxiety effects when combined with diazepam, suggesting it could improve outcomes in anxiety treatment protocols.

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Selank2017

GABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission in IMR-32 Cells

Filatova E, Kasian A, Kolomin T, et al. — Frontiers in pharmacology

Key finding: Revealed Selank's ability to modulate GABAergic gene expression, providing molecular evidence for its anxiolytic mechanism and potential for treating neurological disorders.

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Selank2014

Efficacy of peptide anxiolytic selank during modeling of withdrawal syndrome in rats with stable alcoholic motivation

Kolik LG, Nadorova AV, Kozlovskaya MM — Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine

Key finding: Demonstrated Selank's efficacy in alleviating alcohol withdrawal symptoms, supporting its therapeutic potential as a peptide-based anxiolytic for substance use recovery.

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Semax2016

Possible Role of Transthyretin in the Biological Mechanism of the Regulatory Peptide Neuroprotection

Vyunova TV, Medvedeva EV, Andreeva LA, et al. — Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology

Key finding: Discovered that Semax dramatically altered transthyretin gene expression during brain ischemia, identifying a novel neuroprotective pathway through which the peptide may protect the brain during stroke.

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Semax2010

Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemia

Dmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, Skvortsova VI, et al. — Cell and Molecular Neurobiology

Key finding: Demonstrated that Semax selectively activates transcription of BDNF, TrkC, and TrkA neurotrophins in ischemic brain cortex, providing targeted neuroprotective gene activation after stroke.

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Semax2014

The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis

Medvedeva EV, Dmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, et al. — BMC Genomics

Key finding: Genome-wide analysis revealed Semax predominantly enhances immune-related gene expression and modifies vascular development genes during brain ischemia, explaining its broad neuroprotective mechanism.

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Semax1999

Investigation of mechanisms of neuro-protective effect of semax in acute period of ischemic stroke

Miasoedova NF, Skvortsova VI, Nasonov EL, et al. — Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova

Key finding: Demonstrated Semax's angioprotective and antihypoxic properties during acute ischemic stroke, with a key mechanism involving the shift from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine balance.

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Sleep

5 studies

DSIP2024

Pichia pastoris secreted peptides crossing the blood-brain barrier and DSIP fusion peptide efficacy in PCPA-induced insomnia mouse models

Mu X, Qu L, Yin L, et al. — Frontiers in pharmacology

Key finding: Demonstrated that DSIP fusion peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier and effectively alleviate insomnia, advancing DSIP's therapeutic potential for sleep disorders.

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DSIP2021

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Recovers Motor Function in SD Rats after Focal Stroke

Tukhovskaya EA, Ismailova AM, Shaykhutdinova ER, et al. — Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Key finding: Demonstrated DSIP's neuroprotective capacity by recovering motor function after focal stroke, suggesting promising applications for post-stroke neurological rehabilitation.

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DSIP2014

Delta-sleep inducing peptide entrapment in the charged macroporous matrices

Sukhanova TV, Artyukhov AA, Gurevich YM, et al. — Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications

Key finding: Advanced DSIP delivery technology through macroporous matrix entrapment, improving stability and controlled release for potential sleep therapy applications.

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DSIP2006

Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle

Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV — Journal of neurochemistry

Key finding: Comprehensive review explored DSIP's multifaceted neurobiological activities including stress protection, pain modulation, and sleep regulation, underscoring its untapped therapeutic potential.

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DSIP2004

Delta sleep-inducing peptide and its tetrapeptide analogue alleviate severity of metaphit seizures

Stanojlovic O, Zivanovic D, Mirkovic S, et al. — Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior

Key finding: Demonstrated DSIP's anticonvulsant properties by alleviating seizure severity, revealing neuroprotective benefits beyond its established sleep-promoting effects.

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Immune Support

23 studies

LL-372025

Antimicrobial Peptides of the Cathelicidin Family: Focus on LL-37 and Its Modifications

Voronko OE, Khotina VA, Kashirskikh DA, et al. — International journal of molecular sciences

Key finding: Comprehensive review highlighted LL-37's potent antimicrobial properties and the therapeutic potential of its modified analogs for treating resistant infections.

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LL-372023

The LL-37 domain: A clue to cathelicidin immunomodulatory response?

Leite ML, Duque HM, Rodrigues GR, et al. — Peptides

Key finding: Provided new insights into LL-37's immunomodulatory domain, revealing key structural features that drive its dual antimicrobial and immune-regulating capabilities.

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LL-372023

Antibiofilm properties of cathelicidin LL-37: an in-depth review

Memariani H, Memariani M — World journal of microbiology & biotechnology

Key finding: In-depth review confirmed LL-37's powerful antibiofilm properties, positioning it as a promising candidate for combating persistent biofilm-associated infections.

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LL-372023

LL-37 Triggers Antimicrobial Activity in Human Platelets

Sanchez-Pena FJ, Romero-Tlalolini MLA, Torres-Aguilar H, et al. — International journal of molecular sciences

Key finding: Revealed that LL-37 activates antimicrobial activity in human platelets, uncovering a novel immune defense mechanism with therapeutic implications for infection control.

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LL-372021

Antimicrobial Peptide, LL-37, And Its Potential As An Anti-HIV Agent

Vera-Cruz A, Tanphaichitr N, Angel JB — Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale

Key finding: Explored LL-37's potential as an anti-HIV agent, revealing promising antiviral activity that could lead to novel therapeutic strategies against HIV infection.

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KPV2021

In situ mucoadhesive hydrogel capturing tripeptide KPV: the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and repairing effect on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis

Shao W, Chen R, Lin G, et al. — Biomaterials science

Key finding: Demonstrated KPV's potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue-repairing effects when delivered via hydrogel, effectively treating chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.

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LL-372020

Cathelicidin LL-37 (an antimicrobial peptide)-induced colistin dependence in Acinetobacter baumannii

Lee JY, Hong YK, Ko KS — Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease

Key finding: Demonstrated LL-37's ability to induce antibiotic sensitization in drug-resistant bacteria, offering a novel strategy for combating antimicrobial resistance.

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LL-372019

Design of Antimicrobial Peptides: Progress Made with Human Cathelicidin LL-37

Wang G, Narayana JL, Mishra B, et al. — Advances in experimental medicine and biology

Key finding: Reviewed major progress in LL-37-based antimicrobial peptide design, highlighting successful modifications that enhance therapeutic potency against resistant pathogens.

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KPV2017

Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis

Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. — Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy

Key finding: Demonstrated that orally delivered KPV nanoparticles efficiently alleviate ulcerative colitis, establishing a viable oral therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel disease.

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KPV2017

Peptide Receptor-Targeted Fluorescent Probe: Visualization and Discrimination between Chronic and Acute Ulcerative Colitis

Zeng M, Shao A, Li H, et al. — ACS applied materials & interfaces

Key finding: Developed a KPV-based fluorescent probe capable of distinguishing chronic from acute ulcerative colitis, advancing diagnostic precision for inflammatory bowel disease.

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KPV2016

Critical role of PepT1 in promoting colitis-associated cancer and therapeutic benefits of the anti-inflammatory PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV in a murine model

Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, et al. — Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

Key finding: Revealed KPV's therapeutic benefits in reducing colitis-associated cancer risk through PepT1-mediated anti-inflammatory pathways, supporting its chemopreventive potential.

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LL-372016

LL-37: Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic activity

Fabisiak A, Murawska N, Fichna J — Pharmacological reports : PR

Key finding: Comprehensive review confirmed LL-37's pleiotropic biological activities spanning antimicrobial defense, wound healing, and immune modulation, establishing it as a versatile therapeutic peptide.

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KPV2012

Inhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: mechanism of KPV action and a role for MC3R agonists

Land SC — International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology

Key finding: Elucidated KPV's mechanism for inhibiting cellular and systemic inflammation in human bronchial cells, revealing its therapeutic promise for respiratory inflammatory conditions.

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KPV2010

Drug-loaded nanoparticles targeted to the colon with polysaccharide hydrogel reduce colitis in a mouse model

Laroui H, Dalmasso G, Nguyen HT, et al. — Gastroenterology

Key finding: Demonstrated that colon-targeted KPV nanoparticles effectively reduce colitis, advancing a targeted drug delivery approach for inflammatory bowel disease treatment.

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KPV2010

Terminal signal: anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone related peptides beyond the pharmacophore

Brzoska T, Bohm M, Lugering A, et al. — Advances in experimental medicine and biology

Key finding: Revealed that alpha-MSH related peptides including KPV possess powerful anti-inflammatory effects that extend beyond the traditional pharmacophore, broadening therapeutic applications.

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KPV2008

Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease

Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. — Inflammatory bowel diseases

Key finding: Confirmed KPV's potent anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease models, establishing it as a promising therapeutic peptide for IBD management.

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KPV2008

PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation

Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, et al. — Gastroenterology

Key finding: Demonstrated that KPV is actively transported via PepT1 to reduce intestinal inflammation, identifying a targeted mechanism for its anti-inflammatory efficacy in the gut.

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KPV2007

alpha-MSH related peptides: a new class of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs

Luger TA, Brzoska T — Annals of the rheumatic diseases

Key finding: Positioned alpha-MSH related peptides including KPV as a new class of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs with broad therapeutic potential across autoimmune conditions.

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Glutathione2015

Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione

Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al. — European Journal of Nutrition

Key finding: High-dose oral glutathione (1,000 mg/day) significantly increased blood and tissue GSH levels by 30-35% and more than doubled natural killer cell cytotoxicity versus placebo in a 6-month randomized controlled trial.

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Glutathione1997

Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine treatment

De Flora S, Grassi C, Carati L — European Respiratory Journal

Key finding: Long-term NAC treatment (a glutathione precursor) dramatically reduced influenza symptoms — only 25% of infected NAC-treated subjects developed symptoms versus 79% on placebo — while shifting cell-mediated immunity from anergy to normal function.

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Glutathione2018

Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function

Sinha R, Sinha I, Calcagnotto A, et al. — European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Key finding: Liposomal glutathione raised whole blood GSH by 40% within just 2 weeks, increased NK cell cytotoxicity up to 400%, and reduced oxidative stress markers by 35%.

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Glutathione2000

Glutathione and immune function

Droge W, Breitkreutz R — Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Key finding: Established that lymphocytes require balanced intracellular glutathione levels for optimal function, and even moderate GSH changes profoundly affect immune cell activity — with GSH repletion nearly completely restoring NK cell function in deficient patients.

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Glutathione2017

Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects

Weschawalit S, Thongthip S, Phutrakool P, et al. — Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology

Key finding: Oral glutathione at just 250 mg/day for 12 weeks significantly reduced melanin index, UV spots, and wrinkles while improving skin elasticity — with both reduced and oxidized forms showing benefits.

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Sexual Health

15 studies

PT-1412023

Targeting the central melanocortin system for the treatment of metabolic disorders

Sweeney P, Gimenez LE, Hernandez CC, et al. — Nature reviews. Endocrinology

Key finding: Highlighted the central melanocortin system as a powerful therapeutic target, reinforcing the clinical relevance of melanocortin-based peptides for metabolic and sexual health disorders.

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PT-1412022

Medical Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction

Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Martini E, et al. — The Urologic clinics of North America

Key finding: Reviewed the landscape of female sexual dysfunction treatments, highlighting bremelanotide (PT-141) as an effective FDA-approved option for hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

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PT-1412021

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women: Physiology, Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Pettigrew JA, Novick AM — Journal of midwifery & women's health

Key finding: Comprehensive clinical review validated bremelanotide (PT-141) as an effective treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women, supporting evidence-based prescribing.

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PT-1412019

Bremelanotide: First Approval

Dhillon S, Keam SJ — Drugs

Key finding: Documented the landmark FDA approval of bremelanotide (PT-141) as the first on-demand treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

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PT-1412006

An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist

Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JR, et al. — The journal of sexual medicine

Key finding: Demonstrated bremelanotide's positive effect on subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder, validating its mechanism for female sexual health.

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PT-1412006

Bremelanotide

Unknown —

Key finding: Profiled bremelanotide's pharmacological properties and clinical development trajectory, documenting its progression as a first-in-class melanocortin-based sexual health therapy.

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PT-1412004

PT-141 Palatin

Hedlund P — Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000)

Key finding: Early clinical review confirmed PT-141's novel mechanism of action through melanocortin receptors, establishing it as a groundbreaking approach to treating sexual dysfunction.

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PT-1412012

Bremelanotide

Unknown —

Key finding: Comprehensive pharmacological profile of bremelanotide confirmed its efficacy and safety as an innovative melanocortin-based therapy for sexual desire disorders.

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Kisspeptin2020

Kisspeptin and GnRH interactions in the reproductive brain of teleosts

Somoza GM, Mechaly AS, Trudeau VL — General and comparative endocrinology

Key finding: Provided important insights into the conserved interaction between kisspeptin and GnRH across vertebrate species, confirming kisspeptin's fundamental role as a master regulator of reproductive function.

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Kisspeptin2022

Heterogeneity in GnRH and kisspeptin neurons and their significance in vertebrate reproductive biology

Ogawa S, Parhar IS — Frontiers in neuroendocrinology

Key finding: Revealed important diversity among kisspeptin neuron populations, advancing understanding of how different kisspeptin circuits control distinct aspects of reproductive function.

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Kisspeptin2022

The Role of Kisspeptin in the Control of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Reproduction

Xie Q, Kang Y, Zhang C, et al. — Frontiers in endocrinology

Key finding: Comprehensively confirmed kisspeptin's central role as the master regulator of the reproductive hormone axis, supporting its therapeutic potential for fertility and hormonal health.

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Kisspeptin2021

A dual kisspeptin-GnRH immunogen for reproductive immunosterilization

Junco JA, Fuentes F, Millar RP — Vaccine

Key finding: Demonstrated the potent biological activity of the kisspeptin-GnRH system through an immunization approach, confirming the powerful influence kisspeptin has on reproductive hormone regulation.

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Kisspeptin2014

The kisspeptin-GnRH pathway in human reproductive health and disease

Skorupskaite K, George JT, Anderson RA — Human reproduction update

Key finding: Provided a definitive review of kisspeptin's role in human reproductive health and disease, establishing the evidence base for kisspeptin as a therapeutic agent for infertility and reproductive disorders.

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Kisspeptin2021

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: Impact of endocrine disruptors on neurons expressing GnRH or kisspeptin and pituitary gonadotropins

Roepke TA, Sadlier NC — Reproduction (Cambridge, England)

Key finding: Revealed that environmental endocrine disruptors can harm kisspeptin neurons, underscoring the importance of supporting kisspeptin signaling to protect reproductive health in an increasingly toxic environment.

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Kisspeptin2022

Stress, kisspeptin, and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea

Meczekalski B, Niwczyk O, Bala G, et al. — Current opinion in pharmacology

Key finding: Established kisspeptin dysfunction as a key mechanism in stress-related loss of menstrual periods, supporting kisspeptin therapy as a targeted treatment for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.

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Skin & Hair

11 studies

GHK-Cu2025

Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes?

Ogorek K, Nowak K, Wadych E, et al. — Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Key finding: Advanced the field of GHK-Cu delivery science by exploring liposomal encapsulation for enhanced skin permeation, reinforcing GHK-Cu's value as a cutting-edge anti-aging topical therapy.

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GHK-Cu2023

Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application

Dymek M, Olechowska K, Hac-Wydro K, et al. — Pharmaceutics

Key finding: Demonstrated that liposomal delivery significantly enhances GHK-Cu bioavailability for cosmetic applications, supporting advanced formulations for skin rejuvenation.

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GHK-Cu2020

The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide

Dou Y, Lee A, Zhu L, et al. — Aging Pathobiology and Therapeutics

Key finding: Demonstrated that GHK-Cu promotes skin remodeling, wound healing, and cognitive improvement in aged mice, while documenting that natural GHK levels decline significantly with age.

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GHK-Cu2020

Theoretical study of copper binding to GHK peptide

Alshammari N, Platts JA — Computational biology and chemistry

Key finding: Elucidated the molecular mechanisms of copper binding to GHK peptide, advancing our understanding of how GHK-Cu exerts its regenerative biological effects.

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GHK-Cu2020

Ternary Cu(II) Complex with GHK Peptide and Cis-Urocanic Acid as a Potential Physiologically Functional Copper Chelate

Bossak-Ahmad K, Wisniewska MD, Bal W, et al. — International journal of molecular sciences

Key finding: Characterized a novel GHK-copper complex with enhanced physiological functionality, expanding the understanding of copper peptide bioactivity for therapeutic applications.

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GHK-Cu2016

The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice

Park JR, Lee H, Kim SI, et al. — Oncotarget

Key finding: Demonstrated GHK-Cu's powerful anti-inflammatory effects in acute lung injury, highlighting its therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory respiratory conditions.

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GHK-Cu2015

Tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu (II) transiently improved healing outcome in a rat model of ACL reconstruction

Fu SC, Cheuk YC, Chiu WY, et al. — Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society

Key finding: Showed GHK-Cu improves healing outcomes in ACL reconstruction, supporting its potential application in orthopaedic surgery and ligament repair.

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GHK-Cu2015

GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration

Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A — BioMed research international

Key finding: Demonstrated GHK's role as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration, supporting its use as a science-backed ingredient in regenerative skin care.

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GHK-Cu2018

Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data

Pickart L, Margolina A — International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Key finding: Revealed that GHK-Cu regulates approximately 31.2% of human genes, with broad effects on tissue regeneration, antioxidant defense, DNA repair, and anti-cancer activity.

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GHK-Cu2008

The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling

Pickart L — Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition

Key finding: Established that GHK-Cu activates comprehensive tissue remodeling processes including cellular recruitment, collagen and elastin synthesis, nerve growth factor production, and wound healing.

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GHK-Cu2017

The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline

Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A — Brain Sciences

Key finding: Showed that GHK modulates approximately 31% of human genes relevant to nervous system function, with effects on neuroprotection, DNA repair, and antioxidant defense that may help address cognitive decline.

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Note: Studies listed here are sourced from PubMed and represent published research. Inclusion does not constitute endorsement or a treatment recommendation. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making medical decisions. For personalized guidance, consult Dr. Taylor at Live Vital MD.